Use of an exposure chamber to maintain aqueous phase nanoparticle dispersions for improved toxicity testing in fish

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label /><jats:p>A novel chamber for maintaining aqueous phase dispersions of nanoparticles (NPs) to enable improved toxicity testing in larval zebrafish was developed. Aqueous concentrations were within 80% of initial NP concentrations, and the 96‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) values were highly reproducible (coefficient of variation &lt;0.16, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 3 tests). Significantly lower toxicity for each NP tested (Ag, Cu, and TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>NPs) in static beakers suggested that traditional acute toxicity tests may underestimate aqueous phase toxicity of NPs. <jats:italic>Environ Toxicol Chem</jats:italic> 2015;34:583–588. © 2014 SETAC</jats:p></jats:sec>