Treatment options and pathophysiology of degenerative spine disease

The adult spine is frequently the source of severe pain, deformity and disability. Axial spinal pain is very common, affecting adults of all ages. It can be caused by biomechanical factors, degenerative conditions, trauma, insufficiency fractures, infection or tumours. Associated nerve root compression and spinal instability may cause additional pain and provide a target for surgical intervention. An important socio-economic burden results, including: a high number of consultations (e.g. general practitioner, physiotherapist and specialists), investigations (e.g. MRI scan), loss of time from employment and disability. This article summarizes the degenerative processes that affect the adult spine and the treatment options available.