The Social-Political Embeddedness of Import Clearance: 20 Years of Digital Transformation at Tema, Ghana

<jats:p>Social structures embed technologies, which people use in the implementation of national single window digital platforms. We argue that stakeholder interests determine digital transformation – with people being the key to understanding how digital platforms change or do not change the environments into which they are introduced. In our multicase studies based in the port of Tema, Ghana, stakeholders have divergent opinions about technology, which causes conflicts. Our empirical findings reflect the interpretive flexibility that moderates the traditional dichotomy between technological determinism and social constructivism. By employing the theory of sociotechnical systems, we identify the frictions and interlinkages of non‑technological factors.</jats:p>