The role of 3D printing in ENT surgery

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly growing technology, with numerous applications in Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. Several articles can be found in the literature on the applications of 3D printing in Otolaryngology and can be categorised according to the relevant subspecialty (Otology, Rhinology, Paediatric Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery/ Laryngology) but also according to the proposed application. Thus, the 3D printed models can be used in perioperative planning, patient education, surgical training, grafting, prosthetics and reconstruction. At present, the progress in technological aspects and materials has lowered the cost of 3D printing significantly. Based on the literature review, there is still room for improvement when it comes to model accuracy and material tactile feedback. 3D printing applications can provide realistic training simulation, bio-printed functional grafts and accurate models for patient education and pre-op planning.