TY - CHAP
T1 - Quantifying and Managing the Ecosystem Effects of Scallop Dredge Fisheries
AU - Stewart, Bryce D.
AU - Howarth, Leigh M.
PY - 2016/1/1
Y1 - 2016/1/1
N2 - Global landings of scallops have grown dramatically in recent decades and these fisheries are now among the most lucrative in several countries around the world. Despite this apparent success story, concerns have arisen about the wider ecosystem effects of scallop fisheries. This is particularly the case for the most common type of fisheries that use dredges to rake scallops off the seafloor. Here the evidence for negative effects arising from this practice is reviewed and suggestions offered as to ways in which scallop fisheries might be better managed. In general, dredging causes loss of biodiversity and reduces the complexity of benthic habitats by flattening substrates and removing structurally complex species such as hydroids, bryozoans and seaweeds. This is significant because such habitats are key nursery and feeding areas for a wide range of species, including commercially important fish and shellfish. Scallop dredging also catches a variety of more mobile species such as crustaceans, echinoderms, fishes, and in certain areas, sea turtles, which is clearly of concern. Despite these general rules, the magnitude of effects varies considerably in different habitats. The most severe are in biogenic reefs such as formed by maerl and mussels, so there is a strong argument for fully protecting such areas. Reef and cobble habitats also appear relatively susceptible, but soft sediments such as sand, mud and gravel (which are the focus of most scallop fisheries) appear more resilient, particularly in areas adapted to high levels of natural disturbance. Determining the full effects of dredging remains difficult, however, because most fishing grounds have been exploited for decades, long before scientific study began. Long-term protected areas are beginning to provide insights into the recovery and composition of benthic communities in the absence of dredging. Continued study of these areas will be a key to gaining a better understanding in the future. In terms of reducing the ecosystem effects of dredging, an approach that combines effort control, gear modifications, and spatial management is suggested. Spatial management is showing great promise where it has been applied as it can offer a win-win scenario, which protects vulnerable habitats while boosting scallop stocks by providing breeding and nursery refuges; however, spatial management must be carefully planned to maximise biological benefits while accounting for socio-economic factors. Scallop fisheries must also be managed in unison with other fisheries in order to restore diversity and resilience to oceans facing an uncertain future of climate change and growing anthropogenic pressure.
AB - Global landings of scallops have grown dramatically in recent decades and these fisheries are now among the most lucrative in several countries around the world. Despite this apparent success story, concerns have arisen about the wider ecosystem effects of scallop fisheries. This is particularly the case for the most common type of fisheries that use dredges to rake scallops off the seafloor. Here the evidence for negative effects arising from this practice is reviewed and suggestions offered as to ways in which scallop fisheries might be better managed. In general, dredging causes loss of biodiversity and reduces the complexity of benthic habitats by flattening substrates and removing structurally complex species such as hydroids, bryozoans and seaweeds. This is significant because such habitats are key nursery and feeding areas for a wide range of species, including commercially important fish and shellfish. Scallop dredging also catches a variety of more mobile species such as crustaceans, echinoderms, fishes, and in certain areas, sea turtles, which is clearly of concern. Despite these general rules, the magnitude of effects varies considerably in different habitats. The most severe are in biogenic reefs such as formed by maerl and mussels, so there is a strong argument for fully protecting such areas. Reef and cobble habitats also appear relatively susceptible, but soft sediments such as sand, mud and gravel (which are the focus of most scallop fisheries) appear more resilient, particularly in areas adapted to high levels of natural disturbance. Determining the full effects of dredging remains difficult, however, because most fishing grounds have been exploited for decades, long before scientific study began. Long-term protected areas are beginning to provide insights into the recovery and composition of benthic communities in the absence of dredging. Continued study of these areas will be a key to gaining a better understanding in the future. In terms of reducing the ecosystem effects of dredging, an approach that combines effort control, gear modifications, and spatial management is suggested. Spatial management is showing great promise where it has been applied as it can offer a win-win scenario, which protects vulnerable habitats while boosting scallop stocks by providing breeding and nursery refuges; however, spatial management must be carefully planned to maximise biological benefits while accounting for socio-economic factors. Scallop fisheries must also be managed in unison with other fisheries in order to restore diversity and resilience to oceans facing an uncertain future of climate change and growing anthropogenic pressure.
KW - Benthic communities
KW - Biogenic reefs
KW - By-catch
KW - Ecosystem-based approach
KW - Essential fish habitat
KW - Fisheries management
KW - Fishing effects
KW - Marine protected areas
KW - Spatial management
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84978437141&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/B978-0-444-62710-0.00018-3
DO - 10.1016/B978-0-444-62710-0.00018-3
M3 - Chapter
AN - SCOPUS:84978437141
SN - 9780444627100
T3 - Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science
SP - 585
EP - 609
BT - Scallops Biology, Ecology, Aquaculture, and Fisheries, 2016
A2 - Shumway, Sandra E.
A2 - Parsons, G. Jay
PB - Elsevier
ER -