Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Piotr Sorokowski; Marta Kowal; Robert J. Sternberg; Toivo Aavik; Grace Akello; Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba; Charlotte Alm; Naumana Amjad; Afifa Anjum; Kelly Asao; Chiemezie S. Atama; Duyar D Atamtürk; Richard Ayebare; Daniel Conroy-Beam; Mons Bendixen; Aicha Bensafia; Boris Bizumic; Mahmoud Boussena; David M. Buss; Marina Butovskaya; Seda Can; Antonin Carrier; Hakan Cetinkaya; Ilona Croy; Rosa María Cueto; Marcin Czub; Daria Dronova; Seda Dural; Izzet Duyar; Berna Ertugrul; Agustín Espinosa; Ignacio Estevan; Carla Sofia Esteves; Tomasz Frackowiak; Jorge Contreras Garduño; Karina Ugalde González; Farida Guemaz; Mária Halamová; Iskra Herak; Marina Horvat; Ivana Hromatko; Chin Ming Hui; Jas Laile Jaafar; Feng Jiang; Konstantinos Kafetsios; Tina Kavčič; Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair; Nicolas Kervyn; Truong Thi Khanh Ha; Imran Ahmed Khilji; Nils C. Köbis; Aleksandra Kostic; Hoang Moc Lan; András Láng; Georgina R. Lennard; Ernesto León; Torun Lindholm; Trinh Thi Linh; Giulia Lopez; Luot N Van; Alvaro Mailhos; Zoi Manesi; Rocio Martinez; Sarah L. McKerchar; Norbert Meskó; Marija Pejičić; Girishwar Misra; Conal Monaghan; Emanuel C. Mora; Alba Moya-Garófano; Bojan Musil; Jean Carlos Natividade; George Nizharadze; Elisabeth Oberzaucher; Anna Oleszkiewicz; Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee; Ike E. Onyishi; Baris Özener; Ariela Francesca Pagani; Vilmante Pakalniskiene; Miriam Parise; Farid Pazhoohi; A Pisanski; K Pisanski; Edna Ponciano; Camelia Popa; Pavol Prokop; Muhammad Rizwan; Mario Sainz; Svjetlana Salkičević

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Piotr Sorokowski^*, Marta Kowal, Robert J. Sternberg, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Kelly Asao, Chiemezie S. Atama, Duyar D Atamtürk, Richard Ayebare, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, David M. Buss, Marina ButovskayaSeda Can, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Ilona Croy, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Ignacio Estevan, Carla Sofia Esteves, Tomasz Frackowiak, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Karina Ugalde González, Farida Guemaz, Mária Halamová, Iskra Herak, Marina Horvat, Ivana Hromatko, Chin Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavčič, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas Kervyn, Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils C. Köbis, Aleksandra Kostic, Hoang Moc Lan, András Láng, Georgina R. Lennard, Ernesto León, Torun Lindholm, Trinh Thi Linh, Giulia Lopez, Luot N Van, Alvaro Mailhos, Zoi Manesi, Rocio Martinez, Sarah L. McKerchar, Norbert Meskó, Marija Pejičić, Girishwar Misra, Conal Monaghan, Emanuel C. Mora, Alba Moya-Garófano, Bojan Musil, Jean Carlos Natividade, George Nizharadze, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee, Ike E. Onyishi, Baris Özener, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Miriam Parise, Farid Pazhoohi, A Pisanski, K Pisanski, Edna Ponciano, Camelia Popa, Pavol Prokop, Muhammad Rizwan, Mario Sainz, Svjetlana Salkičević

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Psychology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

AbstractRecent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

Original language	English
Number of pages	0
Journal	Scientific Reports
Volume	13
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 14 Jan 2023

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10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

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Sorokowski, P., Kowal, M., Sternberg, R. J., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Atamtürk, D. D., Ayebare, R., Conroy-Beam, D., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., ... Salkičević, S. (2023). Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries. Scientific Reports, 13(1). Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

@article{7bd8e3ff22cd46ec9e6b7acb981d88a6,

title = "Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries",

abstract = "AbstractRecent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries{\textquoteright} modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.",

author = "Piotr Sorokowski and Marta Kowal and Sternberg, {Robert J.} and Toivo Aavik and Grace Akello and Alhabahba, {Mohammad Madallh} and Charlotte Alm and Naumana Amjad and Afifa Anjum and Kelly Asao and Atama, {Chiemezie S.} and Atamt{\"u}rk, {Duyar D} and Richard Ayebare and Daniel Conroy-Beam and Mons Bendixen and Aicha Bensafia and Boris Bizumic and Mahmoud Boussena and Buss, {David M.} and Marina Butovskaya and Seda Can and Antonin Carrier and Hakan Cetinkaya and Ilona Croy and Cueto, {Rosa Mar{\'i}a} and Marcin Czub and Daria Dronova and Seda Dural and Izzet Duyar and Berna Ertugrul and Agust{\'i}n Espinosa and Ignacio Estevan and Esteves, {Carla Sofia} and Tomasz Frackowiak and Gardu{\~n}o, {Jorge Contreras} and Gonz{\'a}lez, {Karina Ugalde} and Farida Guemaz and M{\'a}ria Halamov{\'a} and Iskra Herak and Marina Horvat and Ivana Hromatko and Hui, {Chin Ming} and Jaafar, {Jas Laile} and Feng Jiang and Konstantinos Kafetsios and Tina Kav{\v c}i{\v c} and Kennair, {Leif Edward Ottesen} and Nicolas Kervyn and Ha, {Truong Thi Khanh} and Khilji, {Imran Ahmed} and K{\"o}bis, {Nils C.} and Aleksandra Kostic and Lan, {Hoang Moc} and Andr{\'a}s L{\'a}ng and Lennard, {Georgina R.} and Ernesto Le{\'o}n and Torun Lindholm and Linh, {Trinh Thi} and Giulia Lopez and Van, {Luot N} and Alvaro Mailhos and Zoi Manesi and Rocio Martinez and McKerchar, {Sarah L.} and Norbert Mesk{\'o} and Marija Peji{\v c}i{\'c} and Girishwar Misra and Conal Monaghan and Mora, {Emanuel C.} and Alba Moya-Gar{\'o}fano and Bojan Musil and Natividade, {Jean Carlos} and George Nizharadze and Elisabeth Oberzaucher and Anna Oleszkiewicz and Omar-Fauzee, {Mohd Sofian} and Onyishi, {Ike E.} and Baris {\"O}zener and Pagani, {Ariela Francesca} and Vilmante Pakalniskiene and Miriam Parise and Farid Pazhoohi and A Pisanski and K Pisanski and Edna Ponciano and Camelia Popa and Pavol Prokop and Muhammad Rizwan and Mario Sainz and Svjetlana Salki{\v c}evi{\'c}",

year = "2023",

month = jan,

day = "14",

doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

journal = "Scientific Reports",

issn = "2045-2322",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

number = "1",

}

Sorokowski, P, Kowal, M, Sternberg, RJ, Aavik, T, Akello, G, Alhabahba, MM, Alm, C, Amjad, N, Anjum, A, Asao, K, Atama, CS, Atamtürk, DD, Ayebare, R, Conroy-Beam, D, Bendixen, M, Bensafia, A, Bizumic, B, Boussena, M, Buss, DM, Butovskaya, M, Can, S, Carrier, A, Cetinkaya, H, Croy, I, Cueto, RM, Czub, M, Dronova, D, Dural, S, Duyar, I, Ertugrul, B, Espinosa, A, Estevan, I, Esteves, CS, Frackowiak, T, Garduño, JC, González, KU, Guemaz, F, Halamová, M, Herak, I, Horvat, M, Hromatko, I, Hui, CM, Jaafar, JL, Jiang, F, Kafetsios, K, Kavčič, T, Kennair, LEO, Kervyn, N, Ha, TTK, Khilji, IA, Köbis, NC, Kostic, A, Lan, HM, Láng, A, Lennard, GR, León, E, Lindholm, T, Linh, TT, Lopez, G, Van, LN, Mailhos, A, Manesi, Z, Martinez, R, McKerchar, SL, Meskó, N, Pejičić, M, Misra, G, Monaghan, C, Mora, EC, Moya-Garófano, A, Musil, B, Natividade, JC, Nizharadze, G, Oberzaucher, E, Oleszkiewicz, A, Omar-Fauzee, MS, Onyishi, IE, Özener, B, Pagani, AF, Pakalniskiene, V, Parise, M, Pazhoohi, F, Pisanski, A, Pisanski, K, Ponciano, E, Popa, C, Prokop, P, Rizwan, M, Sainz, M & Salkičević, S 2023, 'Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries', Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

TY - JOUR

T1 - Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

AU - Sorokowski, Piotr

AU - Kowal, Marta

AU - Sternberg, Robert J.

AU - Aavik, Toivo

AU - Akello, Grace

AU - Alhabahba, Mohammad Madallh

AU - Alm, Charlotte

AU - Amjad, Naumana

AU - Anjum, Afifa

AU - Asao, Kelly

AU - Atama, Chiemezie S.

AU - Atamtürk, Duyar D

AU - Ayebare, Richard

AU - Conroy-Beam, Daniel

AU - Bendixen, Mons

AU - Bensafia, Aicha

AU - Bizumic, Boris

AU - Boussena, Mahmoud

AU - Buss, David M.

AU - Butovskaya, Marina

AU - Can, Seda

AU - Carrier, Antonin

AU - Cetinkaya, Hakan

AU - Croy, Ilona

AU - Cueto, Rosa María

AU - Czub, Marcin

AU - Dronova, Daria

AU - Dural, Seda

AU - Duyar, Izzet

AU - Ertugrul, Berna

AU - Espinosa, Agustín

AU - Estevan, Ignacio

AU - Esteves, Carla Sofia

AU - Frackowiak, Tomasz

AU - Garduño, Jorge Contreras

AU - González, Karina Ugalde

AU - Guemaz, Farida

AU - Halamová, Mária

AU - Herak, Iskra

AU - Horvat, Marina

AU - Hromatko, Ivana

AU - Hui, Chin Ming

AU - Jaafar, Jas Laile

AU - Jiang, Feng

AU - Kafetsios, Konstantinos

AU - Kavčič, Tina

AU - Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen

AU - Kervyn, Nicolas

AU - Ha, Truong Thi Khanh

AU - Khilji, Imran Ahmed

AU - Köbis, Nils C.

AU - Kostic, Aleksandra

AU - Lan, Hoang Moc

AU - Láng, András

AU - Lennard, Georgina R.

AU - León, Ernesto

AU - Lindholm, Torun

AU - Linh, Trinh Thi

AU - Lopez, Giulia

AU - Van, Luot N

AU - Mailhos, Alvaro

AU - Manesi, Zoi

AU - Martinez, Rocio

AU - McKerchar, Sarah L.

AU - Meskó, Norbert

AU - Pejičić, Marija

AU - Misra, Girishwar

AU - Monaghan, Conal

AU - Mora, Emanuel C.

AU - Moya-Garófano, Alba

AU - Musil, Bojan

AU - Natividade, Jean Carlos

AU - Nizharadze, George

AU - Oberzaucher, Elisabeth

AU - Oleszkiewicz, Anna

AU - Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian

AU - Onyishi, Ike E.

AU - Özener, Baris

AU - Pagani, Ariela Francesca

AU - Pakalniskiene, Vilmante

AU - Parise, Miriam

AU - Pazhoohi, Farid

AU - Pisanski, A

AU - Pisanski, K

AU - Ponciano, Edna

AU - Popa, Camelia

AU - Prokop, Pavol

AU - Rizwan, Muhammad

AU - Sainz, Mario

AU - Salkičević, Svjetlana

PY - 2023/1/14

Y1 - 2023/1/14

N2 - AbstractRecent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

AB - AbstractRecent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

U2 - 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

DO - 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

M3 - Article

SN - 2045-2322

VL - 13

JO - Scientific Reports

JF - Scientific Reports

IS - 1

ER -

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Abstract

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