Fetal activity and maternal monitoring methods

<jats:p> An extensive literature search was conducted into the subject of fetal activity and maternal monitoring techniques. During the past three decades much research has been performed in response to the identification of an ‘alarm signal’ of reduced fetal activity preceding death. Various methods of maternal counting have been attempted and it has been concluded that routine monitoring is not cost-effective. Technological advances have enabled detailed observational studies of fetal activity and maternal perception. Various physical and psychological factors appear to influence the latter. Evidence shows that fetal activity varies between individuals and according to gestation. It is suggested that fetuses undergo a continuum of development, and patterns and types of movement change as they mature. Certain substances such as tobacco smoke, drugs, alcohol and caffeine have been shown to affect movements. Contrary to earlier beliefs, maternal glucose levels are unrelated. It is concluded that updated evidence needs to be incorporated into clinical practice and education of both mothers and professionals in order to improve assessment of fetal wellbeing. </jats:p>