Exchange Networks and Implementation

<jats:p>Implementation research utilising a ‘bottom-up’ approach has identified the presence of implementation structures. These structures are comprised of individual implementors from a variety of public and private organisations co-operating to administer policy. This paper suggests that in such cases implementors are involved in a process of resource exchange which results in a network of implementors being formed. Concepts drawn from social exchange theory and network analysis are then used to describe some of the means whereby implementation structures are developed, maintained and adapted. The second part of the paper explores three methods for remedying the possible dysfunctional effects of implementation behaviour dependent on a resource exchange network. We do not assume, however, that this behaviour is necessarily contrary to the aims and objectives of policy — networks may, in fact, prove to be a more efficient way of implementing policy than bureaucracies.</jats:p>