Effect of a context shift on the inverse base rate effect

The Inverse Base Rate Effect (IBRE) is a non-rational behavioural phenomenon in predictive learning. In the IBRE,participants learn that a stimulus compound AB leads to one outcome and that another compound AC leads to a differentoutcome. Importantly, AB and its outcome are presented three times as often as AC (and its outcome). On test, when askedwhich outcome to expect on presentation of the novel compound BC, participants preferentially select the rarer outcome,previously associated with AC. This is irrational because, objectively, the common outcome is more likely. Usually, the IBREis attributed to greater attention paid to cue C than to cue B, and so is an excellent test for attentional learning models. Thecurrent experiment tested a simple account of attentional learning proposed by Le Pelley, Mitchell, Beesley, George, and Wills(2016) where attention paid to a stimulus is determined by its associative strength. This account struggles to capture the IBRE,but a potential solution presented by Le Pelley et al. (2016) appeals to the role of experimental context. In the present paper,we derived four predictions from the context explanation concerning the effect of changing to a novel experimental contextat test, and examined these predictions empirically. Only one of the predictions, concerning the effect of a context shift onresponding to a novel cue, was supported. These results fail to support both the context explanation suggested by Le Pelley etal. (2016) and the current leading account of the IBRE, EXIT (Kruschke, 2001b), but provide avenues for further research.