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Cross-cultural data on romantic love and mate preferences from 117,293 participants across 175 countries

  • Marta Kowal*
  • , Piotr Sorokowski
  • , Biljana Gjoneska
  • , Katarzyna Pisanski
  • , Gerit Pfuhl
  • , Leonardo Aguilar
  • , Steve M.J. Janssen
  • , Benjamin Gelbart
  • , Patrícia Arriaga
  • , Jan Antfolk
  • , Katarina Zvončáková
  • , Linda H. Lidborg
  • , Jorge Contreras-Garduño
  • , Mikhail V. Kozlov
  • , Taciano L. Milfont
  • , Marco A.C. Varella
  • , Valerija Križanić
  • , Mahmoud Boussena
  • , Tina Kavčič
  • , Diana Ribeiro da Silva
  • Brahim Hamdaoui, Fatima Zahra Sahli, Karlijn Massar, Eliane Deschrijver, Tatsunori Ishii, Hakan Cetinkaya, Oksana Senyk, Farida Guemaz, Koen Ponnet, Yahya Don, Dušana Šakan, Gyesook Yoo, Ravit Nussinson, Joaquín Ungaretti, Ali R. Can, Izzet Duyar, Jiří Čeněk, Joao Carneiro, Norbert Meskó, Luca Kozma, Ellen K. Nyhus, Mona Vintila, Oulmann Zerhouni, Farid Pazhoohi, Maja Zupančič, Sinem Söylemez, Austin H.E. Wang, Marietta Papadatou-Pastou, Irena Pavela Banai, Pavol Prokop, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee, Reza Afhami, Jean C. Natividade, Roberto Baiocco, Mara Morelli, Toivo Aavik, Ezgi Toplu-Demirtaş, Singha Tulyakul, Anna Wlodarczyk, Razieh Chegeni, Anabela C. Santos, Dmitry Grigoryev, Dmitrii Dubrov, Dimitri Chubinidze, Gözde Ikizer, Nana Burduli, Johanna Czamanski-Cohen, Rizwana Amin, Petros Roussos, Evgeniya Hristova, Rūta Sargautytė, Ekaterine Pirtskhalava, Tenuunjargal Avirmed, Arooj Najmussaqib, Abdelilah Charyate, Shagufta Batool, Tatiana Volkodav, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Yuki Yamada, Asako Toyama, Mariia Perun, Seda Dural, Tetyana Mandzyk, Anna Studzinska, Ognen Spasovski, Felipe E. García, Caterina Grano, Merve Boğa, Mehmet Koyuncu, Sangeeta Singh, Ju Hee Park, Derya Atamtürk, Samuel Lins, Martin Pírko, David Lacko, Balazs Aczel, Ferenc Kocsor, Ádám Putz, Tobias Otterbring, Pavol Kačmár, Efisio Manunta, Théo Besson, Nasim Ghahraman Moharrampour, Çağlar Solak, Bojana M. Dinić, Ignacio Estevan, Merve Topcu Bulut, Nicolas Kervyn, Moises Mebarak, Jackson G. Lu, Nejc Plohl, Bojan Musil, Adil Samekin, Kirill G. Miroshnik, Clément Cornec, Isabella Giammusso, Ulf Dietrich Reips, Maria Rosa Miccoli, Miriam Parise, Sabrina Stöckli, Tiago Marot, Sibele D. Aquino, Amanda Londero-Santos, Antonio Chirumbolo, Aybegum Memisoglu-Sanli, Jaroslava V. Valentova, Cemre Karaarslan, Ivana Hromatko, Kevin Sevag Kertechian, Ogeday Çoker, Matheus F. Ribeiro, Carlota Batres, Ilker Dalgar, Stephanie J. Eder, Katarina Mišetić, Marios Argyrides, Vita Mikuličiūtė, Silvia Mari, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Kathrin Masuch, Alan D.A. Mattiassi, Salma S. Omar, Elena Piccinelli, Eda Ermagan Caglar, Diogo Lamela, David A. Frederick, Aleksander Kobylarek, Ma Criselda T. Pacquing, Marc Eric S. Reyes, Marcos Zumárraga-Espinosa, Feten Fekih-Romdhane, Talía Gómez Yepes, Edgardo Etchezahar, Katarzyna Galasinska, Jan P. Röer, Ayşegül Şahin, Miguel Landa-Blanco, Izuchukwu L.G. Ndukaihe, Arkadiusz Urbanek, Chee Seng Tan, Rita Castro, Ksenija Cunichina, Anna Krasnodębska, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Franciszek Ostaszewski, Izabela Chałatkiewicz, Beatriz Abad-Villaverde, Bastien Trémolière, Alexios Arvanitis, Gulmira T. Topanova, William J. Chopik, Grace Akello, Ariela F. Pagani, Silvia Donato, Peter Fedor, Tomasz Frackowiak, Simon Ozer, Marlon Mayorga-Lascano, Farah Khan, Maryanne L. Fisher, Princess Lovella G. Maturan, Tatiana Semenovskikh, Sanjana Dutt, William Tamayo-Agudelo, Gulnara Ismukhanova, Laith Al-Shawaf, Luisa Angelucci, Adam Bode, Sercan Balım, Jovi C. Dacanay, Chiemezie S. Atama, Kai A.D.Morgan Campbell, Tchilissila A. Simões, Barış Özener, Paula Błauciak, Filipe Prazeres
*Corresponding author for this work
  • University of Wrocław
  • Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
  • University of Lyon 2
  • Universite Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology
  • Universidad Central de Venezuela
  • University of Nottingham Malaysia
  • University of California at Santa Barbara
  • University Institute of Lisbon
  • Åbo Akademi University
  • Czech Academy of Sciences
  • Masaryk University
  • Durham University
  • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
  • University of Turku
  • University of Waikato
  • Universidade de São Paulo
  • Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
  • University Mohamed lamine Debaghine Setif2
  • University of Ljubljana
  • University of Coimbra
  • Ibn Tofail University
  • Maastricht University
  • University of Sydney
  • Japan Women's University
  • Yasar University
  • University of Gdańsk
  • Mohamed Lamine Dabbaghine University of Setif 2
  • Ghent University
  • University Utara Malaysia
  • Faculty of Legal and Business Studies dr Lazar Vrkatić
  • Kyung Hee University
  • Open University of Israel
  • University of Haifa
  • Universidad Internacional de Valencia
  • Mustafa Kemal University
  • Istanbul University
  • Mendel University in Brno
  • University of Porto
  • University of Pecs
  • University of the West of Scotland
  • University of Agder
  • West University of Timisoara
  • CRFDP - Centre de Recherche sur les Fonctionnement et les Dysfonctionnements Psychologiques
  • Université Paris Nanterre
  • Manisa Celal Bayar University
  • University of Nevada, Las Vegas
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
  • Comenius University
  • INTI International University
  • Tarbiat Modarres University
  • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro
  • University of Rome La Sapienza
  • University of Tartu
  • MEF University
  • Thaksin University
  • Universidad Católica del Norte
  • University of Oslo
  • Higher School of Economics
  • King's College London
  • TOBB University of Economics and Technology
  • University of Georgia
  • Effat University
  • Bahria University
  • New Bulgarian University
  • Vilnius University
  • Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
  • National University of Mongolia
  • Independent Researcher
  • Northeast Normal University
  • Kuban State University
  • Senshu University
  • Kyushu University
  • Ivan Franko National University of L'viv
  • Izmir Ekonomi University
  • Icam School of Engineering
  • SS Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje
  • Universidad de Concepción
  • Erciyes University
  • Izmir Bakircay University
  • Yonsei University
  • Eotvos Lorand University
  • P. J. Safarik University
  • Université de Toulouse
  • University of Limerick
  • Université Paris Cité
  • University of Melbourne
  • University of Novi Sad
  • Universidad de la República
  • Atilim University
  • Université catholique de Louvain
  • Universidad del Norte
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • University of Maribor
  • KAZGUU University
  • University of Trieste
  • St. Petersburg State University
  • University of Palermo
  • University of Konstanz
  • Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
  • University of Zurich
  • Bern University of Applied Sciences
  • Universidade Federal Fluminense
  • Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
  • Ankara Medipol University
  • Baskent University
  • University of Zagreb
  • ESSCA School of Management
  • Pamukkale University
  • Universidade de Uberaba
  • Marshall University
  • University of Vienna
  • University of Sarajevo
  • Neapolis University Pafos
  • University of Milan - Bicocca
  • Urban Human
  • University of Florence
  • Alexandria University
  • Sakarya University
  • Lusófona University
  • Chapman University
  • University of Santo Tomas
  • Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
  • Université de Tunis El Manar
  • Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental
  • SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
  • Witten/Herdecke University
  • National Autonomous University of Honduras
  • Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo
  • Wenzhou-Kean University
  • Uniwersytet WSB Merito Opole
  • Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena
  • Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
  • University of Crete
  • Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University
  • Michigan State University
  • Gulu University
  • University of Urbino
  • Aarhus University
  • Pontificia Universidad del Ecuador- Ambato
  • Women University Mardan
  • Saint Mary's University Halifax
  • University of the Philippines
  • Tyumen State University
  • Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
  • Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
  • Al Farabi Kazakh National University
  • University of Colorado Colorado Springs
  • Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse
  • Universidad Católica Andrés Bello
  • Universidad Simón Bolívar
  • Australian National University
  • Bursa Teknik University
  • University of Asia and the Pacific
  • University of Nigeria
  • KAHLE Journey
  • University of Leicester
  • University College of Professional Education
  • University of Beira Interior

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

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Abstract

Psychological studies on close relationships have often overlooked cultural diversity, dynamic processes, and potentially universal principles that shape intimate partnerships. To address the limited generalizability of previous research and advance our understanding of romantic love experiences, mate preferences, and physical attractiveness, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural survey study on these topics. A total of 404 researchers collected data in 45 languages from April to August 2021, involving 117,293 participants from 175 countries. Aside from standard demographic questions, the survey included valuable information on variables relevant to romantic relationships: intimate, passionate, and committed love within romantic relationships, physical-attractiveness enhancing behaviors, gender equality endorsement, collectivistic attitudes, personal history of pathogenic diseases, relationship quality, jealousy, personal involvement in sexual and/or emotional infidelity, relational mobility, mate preferences, and acceptance of sugar relationships. The resulting dataset provides a rich resource for investigating patterns within, and associations across, a broad range of variables relevant to romantic relationships, with extensive opportunities to analyze individual experiences worldwide.

Original languageEnglish
Article number1103
JournalScientific data
Volume12
Issue number1
Early online date1 Jul 2025
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Dec 2025

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  1. SDG 5 - Gender Equality
    SDG 5 Gender Equality
  2. SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities
    SDG 10 Reduced Inequalities

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Statistics and Probability
  • Information Systems
  • Education
  • Computer Science Applications
  • Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
  • Library and Information Sciences

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