Cascading hazards in volcanic environments: monitoring, modelling and impact analysis of tsunamigenic flows for risk reduction

Volcanic environments present complex multi-hazard scenarios where primary volcanic activity can trigger cascading hazards or where multiple hazards can occur simultaneously, leading to cascading and compounding impacts on communities and ecosystems. Stromboli, one of the most active volcanoes globally, exemplifies these challenges with its frequent eruptions, pyroclastic density currents, landslides, and tsunamis. In the present study, the mechanisms behind tsunamigenic flows at Stromboli are investigated by using extensive monitoring data from previous studies and numerical modelling. Key findings from simulations and parametric analysis are presented, showing the relationships between mass flow dynamics, morphological factors, and tsunami generation. A more comprehensive context is then considered by drawing the impact chain related to tsunamigenic flows during a volcanic eruption. This includes a broad evaluation of the exposure, vulnerability and possible mitigation measures. Starting from the study of the hazard and then following up with the evaluation of the impacts, this study emphasizes the necessity of a holistic approach in multi-hazards environment, where accurate hazards modelling and monitoring, interdisciplinary collaboration, and community engagement need to be considered to reduce risk.