Biosensor for rapid and accurate detection of cardiovascular biomarkers: Progress and prospects in biosensors

The primary cause of death worldwide is cardiovascular disease (CVD), which has a considerable mortality rate. It is essential to identify cardiac biomarkers and heartbeat signals early to lower mortality. Conventional CVD examinations require costly hospital equipment for standard CVD examinations and electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, both of which take time and are inconvenient. Recently, interest in developing biosensing technologies for rapid CVD marker screening has increased. As a result of advancements in nanotechnology and bioelectronics, novel biosensor platforms are being created to achieve quick detection, precise quantification, and continuous monitoring during disease progression. Research is being done on chemical, electrochemical, optical, and electromechanical sensing techniques. The article begins with an overview of the prevalence and types of CVD that are most prevalent. Then, cardiac signals and cardiovascular biomarkers that are commonly employed in clinic, as well as their applications for disease prognosis, are summarised. Emerging CVD wearable and implanted biosensors are described, as well as monitoring bioelectronics, allowing for continuous examination of these heart symptoms. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of various biological detecting systems, as well as future CVD biosensor research concepts, are discussed.