Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is widely recognised at state and institutional levels in Nigeria and Ghana as a vital strategy for enhancing agricultural productivity, resilience, and sustainability in the face of climate change. Policymakers, researchers, and agricultural NGOs increasingly advocate for CSA as a key solution for ensuring food security, enhancing climate resilience, and reducing environmental impacts. Despite this broad appreciation, significant challenges hinder its effective implementation. Key barriers include knowledge gaps, resource limitations, weak policy enforcement, poor strategy coordination, and socio- cultural and environmental constraints.
A workshop held in December 2024 in Abuja, as well as in-depth interviews conducted in February and March 2025, brought together over 40 participants from 25 organisations across Nigeria, Ghana, and the UK. The findings were further enriched by interviews with local NGOs and government consultants working directly with farmers in Ghana and Nigeria. The research highlights critical barriers to the effective implementation of Climate-Smart Agriculture, offering valuable insights into gaps in knowledge, resources, policy, coordination, and technology that hinder resilient and sustainable food production in both countries.